1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
  
 
( )
 :    : 100
:     -     ,           
             
-
1.                
        ?
2.            
-
3.       ?        
      ?
4.             
2
Easy2Siksha
-
5.        ? 1991        
      
6.        -      
-
7.                
   ?
8.                 
?
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
  
 
( )
 :    : 100
:     -     ,           
             
-
1.                
        ?
:      
                
                
       :
1.  :
o          ,   
   42%        
  
 ,     ,    
  
2.    :
o      (...)      15-20%
              
   ,       
 
4
Easy2Siksha
3. -   :
o         ,  -  
         , ,   
 ,          
   
     
 
4.  :
o        '  ,      
'
            
    '   
5.    :
o        ,        
      ,       
            
6.    :
o           '   , 
    ,     -
     ,       

7.     :
o           

           
 -      ,      
 
8.   :
o  -     ,     
            
    
9.    :
o            ,  
,        -   (MSP)
          
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Easy2Siksha
10.     :
o      -       
        (ICAR)     
  
 
       
   ,          
           :
1.   :
o   ,      ,   
               
        
2.   :
o              
   ,    ,    
     
 ,       

3.   :
o          ,   
       ,  ,  
          
4.   :
o    ,     ,  ,
  ,     
   
           , 
      
5.     :
o           
            
          
6.    :
o            ,  
 ,             
           
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Easy2Siksha
7.  :
o              -  
,            
       
8.     :
o             
            
   
9.   -:
o      -      
-          ,
           
10.   :
o         ,  
          , 
            

         ,   
,    
 ,     
  , 
            ,
     ,     ,   
         
  
       ,      
    -     ,       
    
2.            
:       
  1940  1960      ,     
    
 ,     ,   
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Easy2Siksha
       ,       
'   ,        , 
  
       
   
1.    
            
        -   (HYVs) 
  -          
 ,      1965  1972    ,
     -    
2.  
     ,          
 ,              
            

      ,     '   
3.   
              
      ,          
             
         
4.  
            -   
, ,            
             

5.  
       ,   ,    
               
        '       
 
6.    
     ,         , 
  ,           
          ,   
    
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Easy2Siksha
7.     
     -       
    ,     '  , 
     
      
8.    
               
           , 
               
   
     ,        ,  ' 
  
1.     
            
               
,               
 ,        
2.     
        -   ' 
              
       ,    
    ,         
3.  
        
   ,   
      ,     ,    
             
        
4.   ' 
       '   ,    
         '    
      -    
    
5.   
-            
    ,           
            ,     
    
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Easy2Siksha
6.  
              
            
            
   ,           
     
7.  
     -  , ,      
      ,        
   ,           
               
8.    
     '    ,      
            
     -        
   '   
9.   
        ,     ,  
     ,        ,  
      
,       
    
10.   
     ,      ' 
,      
      
  ,          
       

         ,     
         ,   
            
           ,     
               , 
    '   
        , ,   
              
              
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-
3.       ?        
      ?
:        
            ,   
            
  
           
:
1.   :         
 
         ,   
             
      ,         
2.  :           
           ,   
                '
 ,            
3.  :       
  -   ,     (R&D)    , 
            
          
4.    :         , 
 , ,          
              
    
 
5.    :       
         ,    
   ,       
           -    
 
6.    :        ,   
       -      
 ,           '    
           
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7.    :          
 
          , 
, ,           
8.    :      
           , 
 
     '  
       
   
      
     ,          
    
      :
1.    :         
     ,   ,   
          
             
2.   :         
             ,
 ,             
   
3.    :       (SMEs)      
   -         
      
  
    , 
        
  
4.   :   
        
           
 
     -  ,     
 
   

5.  :    ,   '     ,  
  '         
  ,        '    
 
6.  :          
  -        , 
           
 ,         
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Easy2Siksha
7.   :     '      ,
-           
       ,    
       
8.  :    ,    
              
   '      ,     
   
9.    :     
       ,     
               
  
10.   :         
    -       
,         ,  
          

 ,             
   ,     ,    
   ,        , 
          ,  
,    ,         
         ,    
      ,         
  
4.             
:        -
         
    
,            
         ,         
           ,   
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Easy2Siksha
               


1.     
               
              
 

     ,   
 -,     
     ,          
 
 
:
 :           ,
   ,       
   (MFIs):...      
,      
2.   
               
           ,   
,              
     
:
    :       , 
           
   :      

            
3.    
            '   
            ,   
            
:
  :        
       
   :       
         
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Easy2Siksha
4.    
               
     
      '   
  ,         '    
 
:
  :           
            
 
 :          ,
     ,        
 
5.   
             
         ,       
      
:
 :       
              
  
  :     
             
6.   
            
 ,   ,        
   
:
  :         
    '    
   :        
         
15
Easy2Siksha
7.      
             
           ,    
    
:
  :          
         
   :        
         
8.   
               
          
:
  :         
         
      :     
       ,     
   
9.   
       -      
             
  
:
  :       
           
:         
        
10.    
       ,        
    ,           

16
Easy2Siksha
:
  :         
         
 :        
           

          ,    
       ,      
 ,      ,   ,    , 
         ,    
       
    ,   ,   ,   
      ,      - 
              
 ,        
              
     
-
5.        ? 1991        
      
:      1991      
1.     ?
        
 ,   '   
  
              
  

      ,  
        
 ,              
 ,             
   ,  
          
   
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2.      
1991           ,   
  1990     ,         
  - ,    
    -
' ,            
3. 1991    
1991 ,             
            
         :
     :       
           
     :       
      ,       
 
     :       
       ,    
 
 
     '       
4. 1991        
4.1 :      ?
a 1991    :1991  ,      ' ,  
             ' 
        
. 1991    :  ,     
     ,     
         
  (IT)      :     
         IT-   
              
s:          ,
   ,           
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  :     '  
 ,          ,  
      
 :    ,     
  ,      
4.2 :     ?
a 1991    : 1991         '  ,
 ,             
    
. 1991    :        :
 :      ,     '  
     ,   ,   '     
       
 :     , ,    
            
 :       ,  
          .
  :          
          
5.      
                

       :-  ,   
        1991  ,     
      ,   ' - ,  
 
        :      
     ,         ,
      ,   '     , 
   
6.    
        -     
    
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   (RTAs):       (SAFTA) 
      RTAs '   ,    
    
 :         ,   
         
7.    
         ,       
  ,      
   :  '        
         
   :   '    
    "  "   

  '    
8.     
            
  :2008     -19    
      ,        
  
- :      -   
     
9.     
  ,           :
 :-         
       
:        ,     
-          
     :   ' -    
 '            
 

               
1991       ,        
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         -      
            ,
      
     
    
6.        -      
:        -   
-
  (MNCs)            
  '   ,         
  1990            , MNCs 
  ,   ,      
   
-   ?
      ,      MNC      
             ,    

          MNCs     -
, ,    
    
1991              
            
      , -      
   ,      '   
1.      
  MNCs         (FDI)    
MNC     ,    
 ,      
              

 
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:          
      
       
  ,    
2.   
MNCs          ,   
                
  -    
 :MNCs , ,        '
  
 :        '   
 
3.  
MNCs         
   
  -            
   :   MNCs      (R&D)  
   ,       
     R&D       
           
4.   
   -     
    
              
      
    : MNCs         ,
           ,  
       
5.    
     , MNCs        
   ,        
-  : , MNCs      
    ,        
,      , MNCs       
    
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6.    
-        
   
          ,     
    
- :   MNCs       
    
 , -   
 ,          
  ,        
7.     (CSR)
MNCs           
, , ,       
 '   : ,    (TCS) 
     
      
    
 
8.   
MNCs  ,          
           
   
  : -         

, , .,     -    

MNCs   
 MNC     ,     :
1.   :MNCs   '    ,    
           
          
2.  :MNCs           
      ,        
  
3.     :  MNCs        
,             
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
 , -         

   
 ,    ,  
 ,  
     
  ,       
           -    
   ,        MNCs    
     
-
7.                
   ?
:  : , ,     
-
                
       
 ,        

    ,    ,        
 ,                
 ,        ,  ,  
   
     
1. - :
o                
     ,    ,   , 
          
 
        ,   
 
2. - :
o -          , 
            
 ,        :
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   :,     
          
 
  :   -    
      ,    

    
   :  ,  ,  
       ,  
      
3.  :
o    ()          
          
 ,  
           , 
  ,     
4.   :
o             
      
 ,      
 ,       ,    
  '     ,       ,
      
5.   :
o            ,  
         , 
      ,        
,      -      
6.  :
o               ,
     
   ,    ' 
   ,  ,     '   
 ,          
   
25
Easy2Siksha
     
1.    :
o -   ,          
       ,       
 
 ,     -   
2.  '  :
o     
        
     ,           
            
 
3.  :
o    -    '     
 ,   ,        
          ,   
   
4.   :
o    '       
 
           
       
 ,     
      
5.  :
o            
       
 ,   
           
       
6.   :
o             
         
     ,    
              
 
26
Easy2Siksha
   
              
          :
1.   :
o       -      
       ,    
           
     ,       
     ,     
2.    :
o            
           
           ,   
     
3. - :
o             
-         , 
           
  
4.  :
o -          
       ,     
            
       
5.   :
o             
           
    -      
 
6.  :
o  
        
            
            
 
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7.     :
o             , 
   ,         
    
       
  ,       '   

8.   :
o   ,         
      ,      
, 
           
 
9.    :
o        ,   
        '   
        

    -       
             
            , -
              ,  
       ,       
        
          ,    
          
8.                 
?
:              
             
           '    
, 
    ,         '
 ,             
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     
      '       :    

1.  :         '   
        ,     
   '        , 
 ,    (     )  
2.  :         '  
    
              
    () ,   2017       
       ,       

  : 
1.    :            
  ,      -      

2.   :           
 ,           
3. :          
    ,         
4.  :      ,   
              
   
5.  '  :         
,       (TIN)       
  : 
1.  :      ,    
 ,             
2.   :   ,     
            ,  
    
3.    :         
  ,     ,   '    
   
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Easy2Siksha
4.       :     '    
         ,     
    
5.  : , ,        
 ,            
6.      '  :        
         -
    
       
7.   :           
 ,          
  
        ,   '    
:
1.     :         
            
            
   
2.     :        '  
 ,   '   ,         
     
3.     :      
           
       -   
   
4.   :     ,    
    '    '      
         
5.     : - '       
           
   
6.   :   
   
         -   
     
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Easy2Siksha
7.    :        
     ,      
       
8.  -  :    
             
             -  
9.   :      ,
              
     
10.      :        
               
   

        ,       GST
    ,         , 
  ,    ,         ,
               
      
         
            
  ,           
:      Ai      ( )      
         , 
  '        
